1925 USSR Soviet Union Socialist USSR Russian Communist 1/2 KOPEK Coin i56480

Description

Item:
i56480
Authentic Coin of:
Russia under the USSR
1925 Copper 1/2 Kopek 16mm (1.63 grams)
Reference: Y# 79
ΠΟΛ
KOПE
Й
K
И
1925.
ПРОΛЕТАРИИ ВСЕХ СТРАН, СОЕДИНЯИТЕСЬ!
◦
"Proleteriat of all Countries, Unite!" around large CCCP.
You are bidding on the exact item pictured, provided with a Certificate of Authenticity and Lifetime Guarantee of Authenticity.
The
Soviet Union
, officially the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
(
Russian
:
Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик
,
tr.
Sojuz Sovetskich Socialističeskich Respublik
;, abbreviated to
USSR
(
Russian
:
СССР
,
tr.
SSSR
), was a
socialist state
on the
Eurasian
continent that existed between 1922 and 1991. A
union
of multiple subnational
Soviet republics
, its
government
and
economy
were highly centralized. The Soviet Union was a
one-party state
, governed by the
Communist Party
with
Moscow
as its capital.
The Soviet Union had its roots in the
October Revolution
of 1917, when the
Bolsheviks
, headed by
Vladimir Lenin
, overthrew the
provisional government
that had replaced the
Tsar
. They established the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (renamed
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
in 1936), beginning a
civil war
between the revolutionary "Reds" and the counter-revolutionary "Whites." The
Red Army
entered several territories of the former
Russian Empire
and helped local Communists take power through
soviets
, which nominally acted on behalf of workers and peasants. In 1922, the Communists were victorious, forming the Soviet Union with the unification of the Russian,
Transcaucasian
,
Ukrainian
, and
Byelorussian
republics. Following Lenin's death in 1924, a
troika
and a brief power struggle,
Joseph Stalin
came to power in the mid-1920s. Stalin suppressed all political opposition to his rule, committed the state ideology to
Marxism–Leninism
(which he created), and initiated a centrally
planned economy
. As a result, the country underwent a period of rapid industrialization and
collectivization
which laid the foundation for its
victory
in
World War II
and post-war dominance of
Eastern Europe
. Stalin also fomented political paranoia, and conducted the
Great Purge
to remove opponents of his from the
Communist Party
through the mass arbitrary arrest of many people (military leaders, Communist Party members, and ordinary citizens alike) who were then sent to
correctional labor camps
or sentenced to death.
At the beginning of
World War II
, Stalin signed a
non-aggression pact
with
Hitler's Germany
; the treaty delayed confrontation between the two countries. In June 1941 the
Germans invaded
, opening
the largest and bloodiest theater of war
in history.
Soviet war casualties
accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the cost of acquiring the upper hand over
Axis
forces at intense battles such as
Stalingrad
. Soviet forces eventually
captured Berlin
in 1945. The territory overtaken by the Red Army became
satellite states
of the
Eastern Bloc
. The
Cold War
emerged in 1947 as the Soviet bloc confronted the Western states that united in the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
in 1949.
Following Stalin's death in 1953, a period of political and economic liberalization, known as "
de-Stalinization
" and "
Khrushchev's Thaw
", occurred under the leadership of
Nikita Khrushchev
. The country developed rapidly, as millions of peasants were moved into industrialized cities. The USSR took an early lead in the
Space Race
with the
first ever satellite
and the
first human spaceflight
. In the 1970s, there was a brief
détente
of relations with the United States, but tensions resumed when the Soviet Union
deployed troops in Afghanistan
in 1979. The war drained economic resources and was matched by an escalation of American military aid to
Mujahideen
fighters.
In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader,
Mikhail Gorbachev
, sought to further reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of
glasnost
and
perestroika
. The goal was to preserve the Communist Party while reversing
economic stagnation
. The Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989 Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist regimes. This led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the USSR as well. Central authorities initiated a
referendum
—boycotted by the Baltic republics, Armenia, Georgia, and Moldova—which resulted in the majority of participating citizens voting in favor of preserving the Union as a
renewed federation
. In August 1991,
a coup d'état was attempted
by Communist Party hardliners. It failed, with Russian President
Boris Yeltsin
playing a high-profile role in facing down the coup, resulting in the banning of the Communist Party. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the remaining twelve constituent republics emerged from the
dissolution of the Soviet Union
as independent
post-Soviet states
. The
Russian Federation
(formerly the Russian SFSR) assumed the Soviet Union's rights and obligations and is recognized as its continued legal personality.
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